After many discussions and investigations with informed people, we learn that Apple have been the victim of frauds by various approved maintenance Centres. This is one of the reasons that caused the hardening of the conditions and the assumption of responsibility by Apple, and in particular, the creation of many software which decides, instead of a technician, if a machine can be repaired under guarantee or not. A reader, who worked for some time in a maintenance center made a point of informing us (under cover of anonymity) about these practices.
Each machine placed in the after-sales service is input to a database of Apple (gsx.apple.com). That makes it possible to check if it is under guarantee or not. From the serial number the technician has access to the pdf for disassembling and has all the spare parts available. The strange part is that the number of the parts are not recorded at Apple. Thus if you want a mother card of portable where your customer (or